The present Paper deals with an inventory production policy for a ramp type deteriorating item over finite planning horizon constant demand, rate and shortages are not allowed. optimal number of cycles that minimizes the average system cost is determined. model permits shortage in each cycle, which completely backlogged within cycle itself. Every starts zero stock production. As continues, begi...

Under the table or informal payments in several middle and low income countries is a serious impediment to health care reform. These payments are effectively a form of systemic corruption. This report shows the efforts of a patient who seek health care for his ankle while being requested to pay under the table in hospital and private clinic. The data were collected by interview and surveying pa...

In this article, we discussed optimal replenishment policies for two succeeding generations' technology products under partial trade credit financing. It is often seen that in market, advanced generation product plays an important role cannibalising the market of existing product. Thus, precise estimation demand critical taking any policy decisions. Demand a complex process, as consumer buying ...

this study will provide detailed specification of those variables and determinants of unpredictable health expenditure in iran, and the requirements to reduce extensive effects of the factors affecting households' payments for health and other goods and services inappropriately.this study aims to identify measures of fair financing of health services and determinants of fair financing contribut...

background: health inequalitymonitoring especially in health care financing field is very important. hence, this study tends to assess the inequality in household's capacity to pay and out-of-pocket health carepaymentsin tehran metropolis. methods: this cross-sectional study was performed in 2013.thestudy population was selected by stratified cluster sampling, and they constitute the typic...