Over the last decade the approach to dealing with an increasing water demand in the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA) has progressively shifted from a supply oriented philosophy to one where strategies for reducing the demand are integrated with supply management. While there is still much to be done to implement a totally integrated approach, a firm foundation has been laid. Water demand management...

Demand shocks—unobservable, sudden changes in customer behavior—are a common source of forecast error airline revenue management systems. The COVID-19 pandemic has been one example highly impactful macro-level shock that significantly affected demand patterns and required manual intervention from analysts. Smaller, micro-level shocks also frequently occur due to special events or competition. D...