Demand response (DR) has many beneficiaries in the electricity market. There are independent players who are interested in DR, which include: transmission system owners, distributors, retailers, and aggregators. In this paper DR is introduced as a tradable commodity that can be exchanged between DR buyers and sellers in a pool-based market which is called demand response exchange (DRX). DRX ope...

In today’s rapidly changing energy markets, the role of direct load control programs are increasingly recognized as an underutilized resource 1 capable of providing numerous benefits to our electricity grid and to our society as a whole. Although different names are used to describe these programs, we use the term Demand Response (DR) to include the overarching segment of load participation res...

Background Energy policies are promoting distributed energy resources such as energy efficiency, distributed generation (DG), energy storage devices, and renewable energy resources (RES), increasing the number of DG installations and especially variable output (only partly controllable) sources like wind power, solar, small hydro and combined heat and power. Intermittent generation like wind ca...

The traditional approach to demand response of paying for a customer’s electricity consumption reductions relative to an administratively set baseline is currently being advocated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) as a way to foster the participation of final consumers in formal wholesale markets. Although these efforts may lead to greater participation of final consumers in tr...

Analytical modeling is a capacity planning function often used to accurately project future computing resource requirements. However, many capacity planners ignore activity "outside of the box" network changes, human behavior, and changing requirements which can introduce latent demand to an upgraded system and adversely affect the results of their best planning efforts. What is latent demand? ...

The rapid increase in the number of swine has caused pronounced environmental impacts worldwide, especially on water resources. As an aggregate, smallholdings have an important role in South American pork production, contributing to the net diffusion of pollution. Thus, duckweed ponds have been successfully used for swine waste polishing, mainly for nutrient removal. Few studies have been carri...

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The network of regions shown by functional imaging studies to be deactivated by experimental tasks relative to nominally more passive baselines (task < baseline) may reflect processes engaged during the resting state or "default mode." Deactivation may result when attention and resources are diverted from default-mode processes toward task processes. Aging is associated with altered patterns of...

In this report, we give an overview of multicommodity aggregative models of resource management by both tenants and public, neutral clouds. A tenant will use an estimate of a near-future net valuation to make decisions regarding IT resource1/VM procurement [1], load balancing, or demand response. Models of uncertainty in the required resources and of statistical multiplexing are given. We study...