Denial-of-Service attacks and Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks are serious security problems over the Internet due to their nature. They are easy to implement, hard to prevent, and very difficult to trace. This paper describes Denial-of-Service attacks and Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks and presents various traceback that are proposed to identify the sources of theses attackers in t...

BACKGROUND The effects of stroke on classically nondominant hemisphere functions have received less attention than those on the dominant hemisphere, but visuospatial neglect and denial of illness both produce significant morbidity. SUMMARY OF COMMENT The early literature on denial of illness is discussed and the etiological theories are examined. These are explanations based on deficits of hi...

We consider the effect attackers who disrupt anonymous communications have on the security of traditional highand low-latency anonymous communication systems, as well as on the Hydra-Onion and Cashmere systems that aim to offer reliable mixing, and Salsa, a peer-to-peer anonymous communication network. We show that denial of service (DoS) lowers anonymity as messages need to get retransmitted t...

Recent network denial-of-service attacks have brought about awareness of the vulnerability of increasingly important network services. While denial of service is not a new problem, and some of the network aspects of denial of service have been addressed, there is currently no unifying definition of what constitutes network denial of service. The goal of this paper is to propose a definition of ...

As evinced by a series of high profile attacks, denial of service (DoS), or prevention of legitimate access to resources, is a threat that demands attention. Of particular concern are distributed attacks, in which an adversary recruits several computers to aid in the attack. The first major distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack brought down the University of Minnesota’s network for three ...

Within a framework of reasoning with respect to clausal definitions of atoms, four forms of judgement are distinguished: Direct and indirect assertion, and direct and indirect denial. Whereas direct assertion and direct denial are established by directly applying a definitional clause (“definitional closure”), indirect assertion and indirect denial result from showing that all possible premisse...

Article history: The Cape Verde Islands are l Received 29 May 2007 Received in revised form 2 May 2008