BACKGROUND Some drugs of abuse down regulate the expression of cystine/glutamate (xCT) antiporter in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) after extinction or withdrawal. The altered level of xCT exchanger in Acb, a structure involved in ethanol reinforcement, may contribute to the pathological glutamatergic signaling, linked to addiction. We hypothesized that the expression of xCT may be changed in Acb ...

several studies point to an important function of cyclooxygenase (cox) and prostaglandin signaling in models of synaptic plasticity which is associated with n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (nmdars). cyclooxygenase gene is suggested to be an immediate early gene that is tightly regulated in neurons by nmda dependent synaptic activity. nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (nsaids) exert their antiinf...

introduction: it has been reported that oral morphine dependency facilitated formation of spatial learning and memory. in the present study the role of nmda receptors located in hippocampal ca1 area of morphine dependent rats was studied. methods: male rats were divided into 4 groups. two cannulae were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally into the hippocampal ca1 area. after 5 days recovery, a...

objective(s): leptin exerts various effects on appetite and body weight. disruption of the obesitygene is precedent to fatness. insulin or glucose elevates leptin, but streptozotocin reduces it. however, controversial data exist for the effects of leptin on diabetes and leptin level in each gender. leptin can damage the kidney function but little evidence exists for its hepatic effects. the aim...

Abstract Background Sevoflurane postconditioning (SevP) effectively relieves myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury but performs poorly in the diabetic myocardium. Previous studies have revealed important role of increased oxidative stress tissues. Notably, mitochondrial fission mediated by dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is an upstream pathway reactive oxygen production. Whether ineffec...

background: morphine and lidocaine are known to influence the perception of pain. the present study sought to determine the influence of local administration of morphine on lidocaine-induced analgesia in morphine non-dependent (mnd), morphine dependent (md) and morphine withdrawal (mw) animals. methods: adult male wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, mnd, md and mw rats. lidocain...

Due to a large number of mutations in the spike protein and immune escape, Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has become predominant concern (VOC) strain. To prevent disease, we developed candidate inactivated vaccine (Omicron COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated). evaluate safety vaccine, tested repeat-dose toxicity Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The doses were administered randomly three groups: phy...

objective: dietary changes playmajor risk roles in oxidative stress andcardiovascular disease and modulate normal metabolic function. the present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative potential of different extracts of hemidesmus indicus to experimental high-fat diet in wistar rats, and their possible mechanism of action.  materials and methods: male wistar rats were divided into 6...

the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute swimming stress on plasma corticosterone and leptin levels in female and male rats. thirty- seven adult male (n=20) and female (n=20) sprague dawley rats (200-250 g weight) were used. the leptin and corticosterone levels were measured following swimming stress (10 minutes) or no stress. plasma leptin and corticosterone were measured b...