Desalination systems driven by renewable energies are limited, and they usually have a limited capacity. They only represent about 0.02% of total desalination capacity. However, many reasons make the use of renewable energies suitable for brackish and seawater desalination. In addition to shortage of fresh water resources, Jordan is suffering from shortages in recoverable commercial energy sour...

While over 70 per cent of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, most of it is unusable for human consumption. Freshwater lakes, rivers and underground aquifers represent only 2.5 per cent of the world’s total freshwater supply. Unfortunately, in addition to being scarce, freshwater is also very unevenly distributed. The United Nations has compared water consumption with its availability and ...

Plant salt glands are nature's desalination devices that harbour potentially useful information pertaining to salt and water transport during secretion. As part of the program toward deciphering secretion mechanisms in salt glands, we used shotgun proteomics to compare the protein profiles of salt gland-enriched (isolated epidermal peels) and salt gland-deprived (mesophyll) tissues of the mangr...

Exergy analysis is a powerful diagnostic tool in thermal systems performance evaluation. The use of such an analysis in seawater desalination processes is of growing importance to determine the sites of the highest irreversible losses. In the literature, exergy analyses of seawater desalination systems have sometimes modeled seawater as sodium chloride solutions of equivalent salt content or sa...

Water desalination is an important approach to provide fresh water around the world, although its high energy consumption, and thus high cost, call for new, efficient technology. Here, we demonstrate the novel concept of a "desalination battery", which operates by performing cycles in reverse on our previously reported mixing entropy battery. Rather than generating electricity from salinity dif...

The paper examines design and operating data of current concentrated solar power (CSP) 10 solar tower (ST) plants. The study includes CSP with or without boost by combustion of natural gas 11 (NG) and with or without thermal energy storage (TES). The study then reviews the novel trends to 12 produce better ratio of solar field power to electric power, better capacity factor, better matching of ...

This paper focuses on steady state performance predictions and optimization of the Reverse Osmosis (RO) process utilizing a set of implicit mathematical equations which are generated by combining solution-diffusion model with film theory approach. The simulation results were compared with operational data which are in good agreement having relative errors of 0.71% and 1.02%, in terms of water r...

Model-based control and monitoring such as feed-forward/feedback control, fault detection and isolation (FDI), and fault-tolerant control (FTC) techniques that utilize Lyapunov-based control laws are implemented on a high recovery reverse osmosis desalination plant model. A detailed mathematical model of a high recovery reverse osmosis plant is developed. This model incorporates the large spati...

In the rapidly developing shale gas industry, managing produced water is a major challenge for maintaining the profitability of shale gas extraction while protecting public health and the environment. We review the current state of practice for produced water management across the United States and discuss the interrelated regulatory, infrastructure, and economic drivers for produced water reus...