background traditional digital subtraction angiography (dsa) is currently the gold standard diagnostic method for the diagnosis and evaluation of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (avm) and dural arteriovenous fistulas (davf). objectives the aim of this study was to analyze different less invasive magnetic resonance angiography (mra) images, time-resolved mra (tr-mra) and three-dimensional ti...

Abstract Introduction The diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) is contingent on demonstrating maximum wall thickness (MWT) ≥15mm; the same threshold as other HCM subtypes. However, myocardium naturally tapers towards apex in healthy individuals, so ≥15mm MWT proportionately higher than thicker basal segments. Using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), relative ApHCM has been des...