The assessment of heart rate variability (HRV) thresholds (HRVTs) as an alternative of Ventilatory thresholds (VTs) is a relatively new approach with increasing popularity which has not been conducted in cross-country (XC) skiing yet. The main purpose of the present study was to assess HRVTs in the five main XC skiing-related techniques, double poling (DP), diagonal striding (DS), Nordic walkin...

The phase variation of the σ → ππ amplitude is accurately determined as a function of mass from BES II data for J/Ψ → ωπ + π −. The determination arises from interference with the strong b 1 (1235)π amplitude. The observed phase variation agrees within errors with that in ππ elastic scattering. The σ pole appears as a conspicuous π + π − peak in BES II data for J/Ψ → ωπ + π − [1]. This peak is ...

Behaviorally impaired old rats were selected from a population of 75 21- to 23-month-old rats on the basis of the place-investigated abilities in the Morris' water-maze task. After the pretransplant test, half of the old impaired rats received bilateral intrahippocampal cell suspension grafts prepared from the fetal septal-diagonal band region, which is rich in developing cholinergic neurons; t...

Lateral habenula (LHb) has attracted growing interest as a regulator of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. However, it remains unclear how the LHb modulates brain states in animals. To identify the neural substrates that are under the influence of LHb regulation, we examined the effects of rat LHb lesions on the hippocampal oscillatory activity associated with the transition of b...

Increased calcium buffering in basal forebrain neurons during aging. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 350-364, 1998. Alterations of neuronal calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis are thought to underlie many age-related changes in the nervous system. Basal forebrain neurons are susceptible to changes associated with aging and to related dysfunctions such as Alzheimer's disease. It recently was shown that neurons from...

Aged (23-25-month-old) male Long-Evans rats were assessed for deficits in spatial cognition relative to young (4-6-month-old) rats. An in vitro autoradiography study was then conducted for muscarinic M2 sites using [3H]AF-DX 384 to assess binding in basal forebrain and brainstem areas where cholinergic neurons are localized. The analysis of basal forebrain included the medial septal/diagonal ba...

The basal forebrain contains several interdigitating anatomical structures, including the diagonal band of Broca, the basal nucleus of Meynert, the ventral striatum, and also cell groups underneath the globus pallidus that bridge the centromedial amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Among the cell populations, the magnocellular, cholinergic corticopetal projection neurons have r...

Galanin overexpressing transgenic mice (GAL-tg) were generated on two different promoters. Both lines of GAL-tg displayed high levels of galanin in the hippocampus and reduced sensitivity to seizures, as compared to their respective wildtype littermate controls (WT). Performance deficits on learning and memory tasks, impaired long-term potentiation, reduced hippocampal excitability, lower evoke...

The attention directed to environmental stimuli can be modified by experience. For example, preexposure of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of reinforcement can retard subsequent conditioning of that stimulus when it is paired directly with an unconditioned stimulus, a phenomenon referred to as latent inhibition. Similarly, consistent pairings of a CS with another event can slow the a...

The steganography is an art and science of hiding information into a given media to ensurethe security of information over the communication channel. In this paper we propose a Image Steganography using Average Technique in Transform Domain (ISATT). The Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) is applied on both cover image and payload. The Diagonal band (CD) of cover image and Approximation band (PA) o...