BACKGROUND Disorders of acid-base involve the complex interplay of many organ systems including brain, lungs, kidney, and liver. Compensations for acid-base disturbances within the brain are more complete, while limitations of compensations are more apparent for most systemic disorders. However, some of the limitations on compensations are necessary to survival, in that preservation of oxygenat...

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Many medical and surgical emergencies are complicated by derangement of water and electrolyte balance, the successful management of which depends upon the rapid assessment of essential clinical and laboratory data, and the prompt institution of a certain pre-arranged routine of treatment. An attempt is made in this review to illustrate the application of physiological principles to specific cli...

Fluid therapy in children requires an understanding of certain basic principles to avoid adverse events. Careful consideration needs to be given to both the appropriate rate and composition of the fluids to be administered with frequent re-assessment. Parenteral fluid management is used to meet maintenance requirements, correct any deficit and replace ongoing losses. Non-osmotic secretion of an...

Buspirone is a potent anxiolytic that decreases serotonin transmission. Changes in electrolyte balance, plasma osmolality and systolic blood pressure are often associated with stress-induced anxiety in rats as well as in human but effects of buspirone on changes in serum electrolytes balance, plasma osmolality and SBP of rats has not been reported. Present study concerns the effects of differen...

Water-Electrolyte Balance in Blood Pressure Homeostasis Much of what human life is about is water (60% of body mass) and a handful of solutes. Of the latter, main cations include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and the anions include chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and organic anions, and proteins. The concentrations of sodium (135–145 mmol/L) and chloride (95–106 mmol/L) predominat...

The specific causes of elevated blood pressure cannot be determined in the vast majority of patients with hypertension. However, identification of genes causing rare Mendelian forms of hypertension has provided penetrating insights into the basic mechanisms of human hypertension, highlighting the key role of altered sodium handling by the kidney as a final common pathway in hypertension pathoge...

The water balance and the upper limit of osmotic tolerance of premetamorphic Rhinella arenarum larvae (Gosner's stage 26) was evaluated after semistatic incubation in electrolyte (NaCl) and non-electrolyte (mannitol) media following a protocol of progressively increased osmotic pressure. Wet and dry weights were measured to calculate the water content as a derived variable indicative of the hyd...

Magnesium is involved in numerous processes that affect muscle function including oxygen uptake, energy production and electrolyte balance. Thus, the relationship between magnesium status and exercise has received significant research attention. This research has shown that exercise induces a redistribution of magnesium in the body to accommodate metabolic needs. There is evidence that marginal...