1.1. Review of topology. Definition 1.1. A topological space is a pair (X, T) consisting of a set X and a collection T = {U α } of subsets of X, satisfying the following: (1) ∅, X ∈ T , (2) if U α , U β ∈ T , then U α ∩ U β ∈ T , (3) if U α ∈ T for all α ∈ I, then ∪ α∈I U α ∈ T. (Here I is an indexing set, and is not necessarily finite.) T is called a topology for X and U α ∈ T is called an ope...