Context is a vague notion with numerous building blocks making language test scores inferences quite convoluted. This study has made use of a model of item responding that has striven to theorize the contextual infrastructure of differential item functioning (DIF) research and help specify the sources of DIF. Two steps were taken in this research: first, to identify DIF by gender grouping via l...

In this study, whether item position effects lead to DIF in the condition where different test booklets are used was investigated. To do methods of Lord’s chi-square and Raju’s unsigned area with 3PL model under without purification were used. When performance compared, it revealed that generally, method identified more items than did area. The differentiation respect resulted a higher number d...

The  present  study  aimed  at  investigating  DIF  sources  on  an  EFL  reading  comprehension test.  Accordingly,  2  DIF  detection  methods,  logistic  regression  (LR)  and  item  response theory  (IRT),  were  used  to  flag  emergent  DIF  of  203  (110  females  &  93  males)  Iranian EFL examinees’ performance on a reading comprehension test. Seven hypothetical DIF sources were examin...

UNLABELLED Evaluating the extent to which groups or subgroups of individuals differ with respect to primary healthcare experience depends on first ruling out the possibility of bias. OBJECTIVE To determine whether item or subscale performance differs systematically between French/English, high/low education subgroups and urban/rural residency. METHOD A sample of 645 adult users balanced by ...