at early stages of new product development, the effort tooptimize is low and effects on the whole innovation process are high.therefore, a deeper understanding of fuzzy front end and its successcan help firms to be more successful in developing new products. wepresented and tested a conceptual model of relationships among keyvariable sre lated to the fuzzy front end,execution phase of new produ...

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background and aims: rotaviruses are one of the main causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis in both young human and animals. several methods have been used for diagnosis of rotavirus infection. most of these methods are not easily available in iran. methods: in our study attempt was made to develop a method which could replace the commercially imported kit. rota virus was purified and ...

abstract in this paper, we examine relationship between financial intermediary development variables and values added of agricultural sector in iran during 1352 to 1385. the five indices derived from the banking system as a financial intermediary development indicators, that define in related to the agricultural sector, and with the introduction of statistic methods of factor analysis and its a...

An evaluation board with FPGA (XC2S15) and 200MHz single-chip Direct Digital synthesizer (AD9857) has been designed to demonstrate a Fast Frequency Hopping CDMA (FFH-CDMA) implementation. The paper shows how the pseudo-random Gold code may determine the frequency hopping of the carrier in FFH-CDMA systems.

Interface builders and multi-media authoring tools only support the construction of static displays where the components of the display are known at design time (e.g., buttons, menus). High-level UIMSs and automated designers support more sophisticated displays but are not easy to use as they require dealing explicitly with elaborate abstract concepts. This paper describes a GUI development env...

The thesis of this paper is simple: that understanding both the construction and the interpretation of algebras is useful not only as a speciication technique for the implementation of interactive systems, but also as providing fundamental insights into the design and use of such systems in a general way. This is in contrast rstly to state-oriented speciication techniques like Z and VDM , which...

This paper examines how an industry’s productivity is changed by inward FDI occurring in affiliated downstream industries those buying from the focal industry. While controlling for FDI into the focal industry, I find that FDI in downstream industries has a significant negative influence on U.S. manufacturing industries in 1987-1991. Downstream FDI reduces productivity by lowering the demand fo...