Abstract This paper investigates firms’ access to bank credit in eleven euro area countries over the periods 2014–2019. Exploiting firm-level longitudinal data, we analyse loan demand and rationing probabilities, accounting for sample selection, unobserved heterogeneity state dependence. Empirical results show that small informationally opaque businesses, with deteriorated public support histor...

With increasing attention being paid to inequality and poverty this paper attempts to shed light on mechanisms by which the poor arrive at decisions that are suboptimal and lead to “poverty traps.” Thus, we design a laboratory experiment in which we induce wealth and income differences between subjects to compare their behavior in a simple, two-period life-cycle savings and consumption task tha...

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the relations of early socialization of anger with change in adolescent depression, and moderation by child anger. Using a sample of low-income, ethnic minority children at familial risk for psychopathology in the United States (n = 92; ages 3-5; 53% female; 65% African American; 27% Latina/o), early anger socialization (i.e., parent respons...

The psychologic aspects of the prescribing, giving, and taking of medicines are especially important when trying to modify the emotion-laden behavior of hyperkinetic children. The physician should start by cultivating positive expectations in child, parents, and teacher. This is necessary in order to break up existing complex vicious cycles of negative expectations, low self-esteem, discouragem...

Depression and suicide have been reported in association with multiple sclerosis (MS). Some studies show that interferon beta may increase the depression rate. We report a case of depression and suicidal ideation in coincidence with the start of increased doses of interferon beta-1a and their complete reversal following the drug withdrawal. The patient was a 21-year-old man with MS and no past ...

In spite o f much evidence o f its success, many managers hesitate to establish a policy for new product development. Their indecision often arises f rom two reasons: they fear that a defined strategy may discourage innovation and they are uncertain how to formulate a new product strategy. The author o f this article discredits the former notion and, in reply to the latter, proposes the guideli...

This paper attempts to explore the connections between expanding female education and the participation of women in paid employment in Japan, China and India, three of Asia’s largest economies. Analysis based on data and literature shows that despite the large expansion in educational access in these countries in the last half century women lack egalitarian labour market opportunities. A combin...

Considering several main types of dynamic contests (the race, the tug-of-war, elimination contests and iterated incumbency fights) we identify a common pattern: the discouragement effect. This effect explains why the sum of rent-seeking efforts often falls considerably short of the prize that is at stake. It may cause violent conflict in early rounds, but may also lead to long periods of peacef...

Females’ Willingness to Work and the Discouragement Effect of a Poor Local Childcare Provision We analyze the effects of regional structures on females’ willingness to work as well as on the probability that non-employed women who are willing to work actually will engage in job search. Special permission was granted to link regional data to individual respondents in the German Socio-Economic Pa...