ibn sina speaks repeatedly of the distinction between the specific (khas) being and the positive (ijabi) being; a distinction on the basis of which is his distinction of being and essence. thence, the famous problem of the distinction of being and essence is applicable to this distinction too. the difficulty is this: if the specific being is 'being'? this is indeed a problem about ess...

in this paper, monopolistic behavior of opec, as the largest and most stable international organization between jan. 1973 to sep. 2008, is studied. for this purpose, fundamentals of game theory is used as a basis to come-up with a criterion to make a distinction between two market structures based on mutual dependency of institutions. then using such criterion, a regressive model based on expla...

Purpose In the tradition of Spencer Brown’s (1969) Laws of Form, observation was defined in Luhmann’s (1984) social systems theory as the designation of a distinction. In the sociological design, however, the designation specifies only a category for the observation. The distinction between observation and expectation enables the sociologist to appreciate the processing of meaning in social sys...

Tager-Flusberg and Sullivan [Tager-Flusberg, H., Sullivan, K., 2000. A componential view of theory of mind: evidence from Williams syndrome. Cognition 76, 59-90] have argued for a distinction between the social-perceptive component of theory of mind (ToM), involving judgment of mental state from facial and body expressions, and the social-cognitive component, which is representation-based and l...

In this paper, we make a distinction between the de se and non-de se interpretations of first person indexicals and Chinese reflexive ziji. Based on the distinction, we discuss the relationship between these expressions in Chinese, and point out the problems with Wechsler's (2010) de se theory of person indexicals as well as the inappropriateness of characterizing Chinese long-distance ziji as a