The subfornical organ (SFO) of the brain has long been considered a critical integrating center for the cardiovascular actions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Early reports of angiotensin II (Ang II) immunoreactivity in the SFO and its neural projections to downstream cardiovascular nuclei raised the possibility that Ang II is produced locally and functions as a putative neurotransmitter...

dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique based on solidification of a floating organic drop (dllme-sfo) combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry was developed for determination of thallium in water sample. an appropriate mixture of acetone and 1-undecanol was rapidly injected into an aqueous sample containing tlcl4- which forms an ion pair with brilliant green reagent and as...

The aim of this correspondence is to report in a closed-form expression a lower bound on the performance of sampling clock frequency offset (SFO) estimators for both single carrier and multi-carrier linearly modulated signals. This benchmark is expressed in terms of the so-called modified CramerRao bound (MCRB), which is shown to coincide asymptotically asymptotically (large sample) with the Cr...

In the rat subfornical organ (SFO), lectin-binding glycoconjugates were histochemically examined by 9 biotinylated lectins using a streptavidin-biotin peroxidase system. The strong or moderate binding of Canavalia ensiformis (Con A), Lens culinaris (LCA) and Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (ePHA) indicated overall distributions of high mannose, intermediate, hybrid N-linked, and non-bisect...

Sodium (Na) homeostasis is crucial for life, and Na levels in body fluids are constantly monitored in the brain. The subfornical organ (SFO) is the center of the sensing responsible for the control of salt-intake behavior, where Na(x) channels are expressed in specific glial cells as the Na-level sensor. Here, we show direct interaction between Na(x) channels and alpha subunits of Na(+)/K(+)-AT...

Neurogenic hypertension has been the subject of extensive research worldwide. This review is based on the premise that some forms of neurogenic hypertension are caused in part by the formation of angiotensin-II (Ang-II)-induced reactive oxygen species along the subfornical organ-paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus-rostral ventrolateral medulla pathway (SFO-PVN-RVLM pathway). We will dis...

Cardiovascular and behavioral responses to circulating angiotensin require intact connectivity along the upper lamina terminalis joining the subfornical organ (SFO) with the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). In the present study on MnPO neurons, we used whole cell patch-clamp recording techniques in brain slice preparations to evaluate the influence of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agon...

Walch JD, Nedungadi TP, Cunningham JT. ANG II receptor subtype 1a gene knockdown in the subfornical organ prevents increased drinking behavior in bile duct-ligated rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 307: R597–R607, 2014. First published July 9, 2014; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2014.—Bile duct ligation (BDL) causes congestive liver failure that initiates hemodynamic changes, resulting i...

OBJECTIVE Elevations in brain angiotensin-II cause increased energy expenditure and a lean phenotype. Interestingly, the metabolic effects of increased brain angiotensin-II mimic the actions of leptin, suggesting an interaction between the two systems. Here we demonstrate that angiotensin-type 1a receptors (AT1aR) in the subfornical organ (SFO), a forebrain structure emerging as an integrative ...

Reactive oxygen species and the NADPH oxidases contribute to hypertension via mechanisms that remain undefined. Reactive oxygen species produced in the central nervous system have been proposed to promote sympathetic outflow, inflammation, and hypertension, but the contribution of the NADPH oxidases to these processes in chronic hypertension is uncertain. We therefore sought to identify how NAD...