The projections of putative dopamine containing cells within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) were studied using a combination of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracing. Substantial numbers of TH-immunoreactive cells in the DR were found to project to the nucleus accumbens. Progressively smaller numbers of cells were found to project to the lateral septum ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the desensitization of 5-HT(1A) receptors in the dorsal raphe and hypothalamus of serotonin (5-HT) transporter knock-out mice (5-HTT -/-). The density of 5-HT(1A) receptors in the dorsal raphe was reduced in both male and female 5-HTT -/- mice. This reduction was more extensive in female than in male 5-HTT -/- mice. 8-OH-...

The density and distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR1) mRNA expression in the rat midbrain Periaqueductal gray (PAG) following exposure to unilateral peripheral inflammation or chronic constrictive injury (CCI) as models for chronic peripheral nociception were examined using the in situ hybridization technique. The NMDAR1 hybridization signal intensities increased significantly ...

In vivo studies suggest that the stress-related neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) modulates serotonergic neurotransmission. To investigate the underlying mechanisms for this interaction, the present study examined the effects of CRF in vitro on dorsal raphe neurons that displayed electrophysiological and pharmacological properties consistent with a serotonergic phenotype. In the...

PURPOSE The central fatigue hypothesis suggests that exhaustion, or the maximum level of exercise, induces excessive stress and increases serotonin concentrations in the brain, which in turn decreases central nervous system (CNS) function and induces fatigue. Our aim was to determine the effects of colostrum serum on the serotonergic system in the dorsal raphe nuclei during exhaustive exercise....

The consequences of the absence of 5-HT reuptake on the functional properties of 5-HT(1A) receptors were examined in the dorsal raphe nucleus and the hippocampus of knock-out mice lacking the serotonin transporter (5-HTT). Extracellular recordings showed that application of selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors such as paroxetine and citalopram onto brainstem slices resulted in a concentration-dep...

Spatial evolutionary games have mainly been studied on a single, isolated network. However, in real world systems, many interaction topologies are not isolated but many different types of networks are inter-connected to each other. In this study, we investigate the spatial evolutionary public goods game (SEPGG) on double-layered random networks (DRN). Based on the mean-field type arguments and ...

A subset of caudate neurons fires before cues that instruct the monkey what he should do. To test the hypothesis that the anticipatory activity of such neurons depends on the context of stimulus-reward mapping, we examined their activity while the monkeys performed a memory-guided saccade task in which either the position or the color of a cue indicated presence or absence of reward. Some neuro...

The involvement of the rat dorsal hippocampus (dhpc) in Pavlovian conditioning and timing of conditioned responding was examined in an appetitive preparation in which presentation of a relatively long, 40-s auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) was followed immediately by food delivery. Dorsal hippocampal lesions impaired Pavlovian conditioning in this task. They also produced a deficit in interva...