Macroautophagy is an intracellular degradation system by which cytoplasmic materials are enclosed by the autophagosome and delivered to the lysosome. Autophagosome formation is considered to take place on the endoplasmic reticulum and involves functions of autophagy-related (Atg) proteins. Here, we report the identification and characterization of mammalian Atg2 homologues Atg2A and Atg2B. Simu...

In this study, a gelatin microparticle-containing self-microemulsifying formulation (SMF) was developed using a spray-drying method to enhance the oral delivery of the poorly water-soluble therapeutic dutasteride. The effect of the amount of gelatin and the type and amount of hydrophilic additives, namely, Gelucire(®) 44/14, poloxamer 407, sodium lauryl sulfate, Soluplus(®), Solutol™ HS15, and ...

A low air speed, spray dispersion tunnel was constructed and used to evaluate the collection efficiency of passive spray flux collectors. The dispersion tunnel utilizes an air-assisted nozzle to generate a spray cloud with a DV0.5 of 18.5 0.4 μm at air speeds ranging from 0.4–4.0 m/s. A sampling protocol was developed to minimize spray flux and air speed variation effects while providing a chec...

We study the propagation of sound in complex colloidal systems. By combining Biillouin scattering with ultrasonic techniques, we measure the dispersion in the acoustic propagation over three decades in frequency. Acoustic propagation is sensitive to the bulk compressibility of the medium, and probes new structural and dynamic properties of the colloidal system. We study two colloidal systems. T...

Spray drying is a common unit operation across many industries due to the ability to control bulk powder properties and isolate dry product from a liquid feed in a single operation. For the pharmaceutical industry, spray drying offers the control of physical properties of crystalline or amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), as a neat or formulated drug product that can lead to imp...

[1] This paper presents an advancement of the recently developed particle-resolved aerosol model PartMC-MOSAIC (Particle Monte Carlo-Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry) to investigate the impacts of mixing state on cloud droplet formation and to provide a tool for the quantification of errors in cloud properties introduced by simplifying mixing state assumptions. We coupled...