It is critical that issues surrounding the abuse and misuse of prescription opioids be balanced with the need for these medications for the treatment of pain. One way to decrease the abuse of prescription opioid medications is to develop abuse deterrent formulations (or ADFs) that in some way prevent drug abusers from extracting out the active ingredient in order to employ alternate routes of a...

The study's (n = 447) purposes were to (1) describe relationships of abuser behavior to elder women's perception of barriers to help-seeking; (2) compare fit of model to participants' levels of abuse, race-ethnicity, age, and gender and relationship of identified close other; and (3) determine extent to which the model differentiated relationship of abuser to participant and level of abuse. Ana...

There is a demand for pharmaceutical products with reduced abuse liability. These products must meet three tests to be successful. They must be safe for patients, be less likely to injure the abuser, and be less desirable for abuse by established drug abusers relative to existing products on a dose for dose (milligram-equivalent) basis. There is a need for standardization of the evaluation of a...

Law number 35/2009 on Narcotics regulates the special minimum punishment. However, judges violate criminal limit, causing legal certainty and justice friction. This article examines in consideration of punishing narcotics crime cases. research uses normative empirical approaches through literature, document analysis, case studies, resource person interviews. Based results discussion, it is conc...

Recently, there have been more reports of cardiac valve infections due to the increasing number of intravenous (IV) drug abusers and chronic renal failure patients. Among cardiac valves, tricuspid valve is most commonly affected in the course of endocarditis. Appropriate management of these patients is a challenging and controversial issue in the field of cardiac surgery. Treatment options in s...

A 43 year old intravenous drug abuser presented to the accident and emergency department with a three week history of bilateral visual loss and frontal headaches. Fundoscopy revealed bilateral retinal cotton wool spots and haemorrhages and an ophthalmic opinion was requested. His blood pressure was subsequently found to be 210/140. A diagnosis of malignant hypertension was made and blood pressu...