master moulds are used to cast copper anode moulds. these iron moulds are made of grey or nodular cast irons. according to desirable properties of ductile irons, it was expected that ductile cast iron moulds could have performed their nominal life. but in service, these moulds have not performed their nominal life and they have experienced premature failures due to warping and cracking. also gr...

An anisotropic model of damage mechanics for ductile fracture incorporating the endochronic theory of plasticity is presented in order to take into account material deterioration during plastic deformation. An alternative form of endochronic (internal time) theory which is actually an elasto-plastic damage theory with isotropicnonlinear kinematic hardening is developed for ease of numerical com...

We develop a multiscale model of ductile damage by void growth in general materials undergoing arbitrary deformations. The model is formulated in the spirit of multiscale finite element methods (FE), that is, the macroscopic behavior of the material is obtained by a simultaneous numerical evaluation of the response of a representative volume element. The representative microscopic model conside...