the last two decades have seen a massive growth in the application of dna technology in histocompatibility and immunogenetics. this review summarises the history and application of dna methods in this area.

We present a type-based analysis for role-based multiparty interaction. Novel to our approach are the notions that a role specified in a protocol may be carried out by several parties, and that one party may assume different roles at different stages of the protocol. We build on Conversation Types by adding roles to protocol specifications. Systems are modeled in π-calculus extended with labele...

We present the dynamically typed λ-calculus, an extension of the statically typed λcalculus with a special type Dyn and explicit dynamic type coercions corresponding to runtime type tagging and type check-and-untag operations. Programs in run-time typed languages can be interpreted in the dynamically typed λ-calculus via a nondeterministic completion process that inserts explicit coercions and ...

Flow unit and reservoir rock type identification in carbonates are difficult due to the intricacy of pore networks caused by facies changes diagenetic processes. On other hand, these classifications necessary for understanding a predicting its production performance face any activity. The current study focuses on flow classification Mishrif Iraq's southeast is based data from five wells that pe...

The connection between polymorphic and dynamic typing was originally considered by Curry et al. (1972) in the form of “polymorphic type assignment” for untyped λ -terms. Types are assigned after the fact to what is, in modern terminology, a dynamic language. Interest in type assignment was revitalized by the proposals of Bracha et al. (1998) and Bank et al. (1997) to enrich Java with polymorphi...

I present a type-theoretic encoding of objects that interprets method dispatch by self-application (i.e., method functions are applied to the objects containing them) but still validates the expected subtyping relationships. The naive typing of self-application fails to validate the expected subtyping relationships because it is too permissive and allows application to similarly typed objects t...

conclusions as about 70% of methicillin-resistant isolates belonged to sccmec iii, the present study can conclude that, over an 8-year period, only one dominant and stable clone of mrsa strain was found in tabriz hospitals. this finding could be a result of incorrect medical orientations, inadequate infection controlling policies, and insufficient preventive approaches. objectives the current s...

Late binding and subtyping create run-time overhead for object-oriented languages. Dynamic typing and multiple inheritance create even more overhead. Static typing and single inheritance lead to two major invariants—of reference and position—that make the implementation as efficient as possible. Coloring is a technique that preserves these invariants for dynamic typing or multiple inheritance a...