Title: Drug-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Should success in clinical management be a function of improvement of motor repertoire rather than amplitude of dyskinesia?

Background: DARPP-32 is implicated in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Results: PKA-dependent phosphorylation of DARPP-32 in a distinct subset of striatal neurons is required for L-DOPA-induced activation of ERK and mTORC1. Conclusion: PKA-dependent phosphorylation of DARPP-32 plays a critical role in dyskinesia and associated signaling alterations. Significance: The PKA/DARPP-32 cascade is a key tar...

Tardive dyskinesia is hyperkinetic movement disorder in which repetitive involuntary movements. Preclinical studies for tardive dyskinesia require use of large amount of animals. In order to reduce animal use, principle of refinement is used in the present research. Albino rats were used as animal model. Different drugs were used to induce orofacial dyskinesia. Locomotor activity, open field ac...

Forty patients under the age of 60 years with a DSM-III diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder were examined for the presence of tardive dyskinesia. The overall prevalence was 22.5%, with an age-related increase. Patients with and without tardive dyskinesia did not differ in terms of duration of affective illness or exposure to neuroleptics, but those patients with tardive dyskinesia had signi...

BACKGROUND Movement disorders (MD) in children are relatively common and may be associated with medication use. Objective methods (ie rating scales) and specific research criteria may be helpful in identifying MD-related adverse events that would otherwise not be apparent from spontaneous reports. We assessed whether more stringent and rigorous criteria would provide MD rates similar to those d...

Background: Abnormal altered scapular position during rest or motion have been termed as Scapular Dyskinesia. Scapula Dyskinesia Type-2 is one type of dyskinesia in which there is a visual prominence of entire medial border of scapula that occurs due to weakness of the serratus anterior and tightness of posterior shoulder joint capsule that results in reduction in glenohumeral flexion and abduc...

Dyskinesia hyperpyrexia syndrome is a rare medical emergency in Parkinson's disease. It is characterized by continuous dyskinesia associated with hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and alteration of the mental state. We present the case of a 74-year-old woman who presented with recurrent dyskinesia hyperpyrexia syndrome. Although some provocation factors and clinical manifestations seem to be shared...

Dyskinesia, a major complication of treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), involves two phases: induction, which is responsible for dyskinesia onset, and expression, which underlies its clinical manifestation. The unique cellular and regional distribution of adenosine A(2A) receptors in basal ganglia areas that are richly innervated by dopamine, and their antagonistic role towards dopamine rece...

The efficacy of Sinemet CR4 (50/200) was compared to standard Sinemet (25/100) in an open label crossover study in 22 patients with Parkinson's disease. All patients experienced end of dose failure and 11 had dyskinesia. Unified Parkinson's disease, Hoehn and Yahr, Schwab and England scores, number of hours on per day, number of hours of dyskinesia per day, daily dose of levodopa, and number of...

A study of the four extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS), tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism, akathisia and tardive dystonia, was performed in the Netherlands Antilles, a well-defined catchment area with only one psychiatric hospital. The population under study (N = 194; mean age 53.1) was mainly Afro-Caribbean, and most patients were chronic. The severity of each EPS was measured with valid and reliab...