the clothing of women depicted by artists under timurid and safavid dynasties is well represented in the surviving illustrations of shahnameh baisonghor and shahnameh of shah tahmasp. a descriptive-analytical survey of the related historical documents and a comparison of the illustrations of these two shahnameh books will contribute to answering the following questions: from which aspects do th...

diplomacy is an institution as old as the state; and diplomats have always been alongside rulers. for most people, politics and diplomacy is a mysterious realm, full of astonishing rewards. in the common perception, politicians and diplomats were often seen as shrewd, ruthless, planner and sometimes just characters. diplomacy was also considered as a technique which did not comply with fixed ru...

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1. introduction in epic narratives, heroes have a specific and key role in the processing of epic development. some heroes’ roles are based on the situation in which they have been created. thus, the epic narrator states their life journey from the beginning to the end in a vicissitude process. however, some heroes do not have a specific position in epic stories as they appear as a thunder in s...

this kind of marriage (mir) is one of the controversial issues of pre-islamic iran. some have attributed it to all iranians while others have attributed it to a certain group in ancient iran. undoubtedly mir has never been specific to iran and similar typical examples can be found in other cultures and religions. this paper after presenting the history of mir looks at firdausi’s shahnameh that ...

shahnameh researchers have not made enough attempts to find the correct forms of its toponymy. the variants of these names are frequently incompatible and sometimes incorrect. obviously the copiers of manuscripts have made little effort to record such names correctly and even at times they have inadvertently replaced the original names with the ones sounding more familiar to them. based on the ...