Because of the extreme diversity in immunoglobulin genes, tolerance mechanisms are necessary to ensure that B cells do not respond to self-antigens. One such tolerance mechanism is called receptor editing. If the B cell receptor (BCR) on an immature B cell recognizes self-antigen, it is down-regulated from the cell surface, and light chain gene rearrangement continues in an attempt to edit the ...

The analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of Isoetes engelmannii as a first representative of the lycophytes recently revealed very small introns and indications for extremely frequent RNA editing. To analyze functionality of intron splicing and the extent of RNA editing in I. engelmannii, we performed a comprehensive analysis of its mitochondrial transcriptome. All 30 groups I and II introns were ...

Plant regulatory circuits coordinating nuclear and plastid gene expression have evolved in response to external stimuli. RNA editing is one of such control mechanisms. We determined the Arabidopsis nuclear-encoded homeodomain-containing protein OCP3 is incorporated into the chloroplast, and contributes to control over the extent of ndhB transcript editing. ndhB encodes the B subunit of the chlo...

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a currently incurable blistering genodermatosis caused by mutations in COL7A1 encoding type VII collagen (C7), the major component of anchoring fibrils. Adenine base editors (ABEs) are class gene editor which can install A-T to G-C pair changes and therefore hold promise for reversing pathogenic variants. Patient-derived fibroblasts harboring...

the present study concerns editing of translations in iran during the iran-iraq war,which in the official discourse of the country is known as the sacred defense. itargues that editing, in its local sense, advocated a linguistic purism inspired by aredefined nationalism, which went hand in hand with identity politics andsnowballed into a movement of resistance.

In this paper, we present a method for color reduction of Persian carpet cartoons that increases both speed and accuracy of editing. Carpet cartoons are in two categories: machine-printed and hand-drawn. Hand-drawn cartoons are divided into two groups: before and after discretization. The purpose of this study is color reduction of hand-drawn cartoons before discretization. The proposed algorit...

Initially identified as an RNA modification in the anticodon loop of tRNAs from animal, plant and eubacterial origin, the deamination of adenosine-to-inosine by RNA editing has become increasingly recognized as an important RNA processing event to generate diversity in both the transcriptome and proteome and is essential for modulating the activity of numerous proteins critical for nervous syst...

Guide RNAs (gRNAs) are encoded both in the maxicircle and minicircle components of the mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomatid protozoa. These RNAs mediate the precise insertion and deletion of U residues in transcripts of the maxicircle DNA. We showed previously that the old UC laboratory strain of Leishmania tarentolae apparently lost more than 40 minicircle-encoded gRNAs that are present in the ...

An important issue in implementation of a GIS system is preparation of data to be entered in GIS. To produce spatial data for GIS using photogrammetric techniques, conventional method is to apply photogrammetric and GIS systems individually (off-line procedure). This approach is costly, time consuming and somehow unreliable due to the fact that 3D photogrammetric model is not available at the ...