Health impact assessment (HIA) on a strategic level focuses on the broad determinants of health. However, the evidence with regard to the health impacts is often necessarily 'soft'. The example of a health impact review on national housing policy in the Netherlands shows that HIA can be effective even in the absence of hard data. Strategies used to overcome the problem of not having hard data a...

Total cross section for single electron-impact ionization of cisplatin (H6N2Cl2Pt) molecule has been calculated with the binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) model from the ionization threshold up to 5 keV. To obtain input data for the BEB calculations, geometric and electronic structures of the cisplatin have been studied with quantum chemical methods. Elastic cross section for electron collisions wit...

The effect of impact ionization on pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors is studied using Monte Carlo simulations when these devices are scaled into deep decanano dimensions. The scaling of devices with gate lengths of 120, 90, 70, 50 and 30 nm has been performed in both lateral and vertical directions. The impact ionization is treated as an additional scattering mechamism in the Mon...

The application of the box integration method in Technology CAD environments is investigated. A particular difficulty arises from physical models like the impact ionization rate or the high-field mobility within the drift-diffusion carrier transport equations which rely on vector quantities. We discuss different methods how generation rates can be approximated in the box scheme and how the requ...

We present measurements on impact ionization effects, real space transfer of holes and electrons, and light emission occurring in n-channel InAlAdInGaAs heterostructure FieldEffect ”istors based on InP operated at high electric fields and at different temperatures. The channel electrons heated by the lateral electric field give rise to impact ionization and light emission. By comparing the elec...

Silicon–germanium alloys offer a system where the ratio of the electron impact ionization coefficient ~a! and hole impact ionization coefficient ~b! varies from a value larger than unity ~in high silicon content alloys!, to a value smaller than unity ~in high germanium content alloys!. We report results for a and b for this alloy system. The electron results are based on a multivalley nonparabo...