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Abstract— This paper presents a novel approach to obtain fast locking PLL by embedding a nonlinear element in the loop of PLL. The nonlinear element has a general parametric Taylor expansion. Using genetic algorithm (GA) we try to optimize the nonlinear element parameters. Embedding optimized nonlinear element in the loop shows enhancements in speed and stability of PLL. To evaluate the perform...

Displacement finite element models of various beam theories have been developed traditionally using conventional finite element basis functions (i.e., cubic Hermite, equi-spaced Lagrange interpolation functions, or spectral/hp Legendre functions). Various finite element models of beams differ from each other in the choice of the interpolation functions used for the transverse deflection w, tota...

A master element to be employed as a general spatial rod finite element is presented. This spatially curved and pretwisted element can have variable cross-section and variable curvature change. It may also be resting on an elastic foundation. Also, a finite element formulation for a general earthquake analysis of spatial rods is presented. The theoretical foundation has lead to a general-purpos...

for the nonlinear analysis of structures using the well known newton-raphson method, the tangent stiffness matrices of the elements must be constructed in each iteration. due to the high expense required to find the exact tangent stiffness matrices, researchers have developed novel innovations into the newton-raphson method to reduce the cost and time required by the analysis. in this paper, a ...

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