Organogenesis and neoformant plantlet production were studied by culturing the different parts of mature embryo including radicle and proximal and distal parts of cotyledon of Mission and Kroneiki cultivars. Different parts of embryos were cultures in OMc medium containing growth regulators, such as indole butyric acid (IBA) and 2-isopentenyl adenine (2-ip) or IBA and naphthalene acetic acid (N...

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a powerful tool for plant genetic improvement when used in combination with traditional agricultural techniques, and it is also an important technique to understand the different processes that occur during the development of plant embryogenesis. SE onset depends on a complex network of interactions among plant growth regulators, mainly auxins and cytokinins, durin...

Somatic embryogenesis and transformation systems are indispensable modern plant breeding components since they provide an alternative platform to develop control strategies against the plethora of pests and diseases affecting many agronomic crops. This review discusses some of the factors affecting somatic embryogenesis and transformation, highlights the advantages and limitations of these syst...

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) are two major turfgrass species in the United States. Their improvement via biotechnology approaches depend on the tissue culture response, particularly in vitro plant regeneration. To understand more of the regeneration event, scanning electron microscopy was performed and somatic embryogenesis was revealed in...

Somatic embryogenesis was induced in hypocotyl explants of geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum) cultured on media supplemented with various concentrations of N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron). In less than 2 weeks, somatic embryos were observed in treatments containing levels of thidiazuron (TDZ) ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 micromolar. The use of N(6)-benzylaminopurine in combination...

The building of the human embryo is a biological process of transcendent complexity. It fails at least three times as often as it succeeds. It takes about six weeks for a ‘normal’ version of the process to construct a fetus containing all of the differentiated cell types necessary, in the correct numbers and locations, to form all of the tissue and organ systems necessary to become a living, br...

Embryogenesis in cotton is a difficult task due its genome dependency. We used 3 cotton cultivars (Khandwa-2, G. Cot. 10, and BC-68–2) and Coker-312 as control for regeneration. Efficient somatic embryogenesis was induced in agronomically important Indian cotton cultivars, Khandwa-2 and G. Cot. 10. For callusing in all the cultivars, different media combinations were tried. Embryogenesis was in...

Somatic embryogenesis is a developmental process where a plant somatic cell can dedifferentiate to a totipotent embryonic stem cell that has the ability to give rise to an embryo under appropriate conditions. This new embryo can further develop into a whole plant. In woody plants, somatic embryogenesis plays a critical role in clonal propagation and is a powerful tool for synthetic seed product...

Many of the regulatory processes occurring during plant embryogenesis are still unknown. Relatively few cells are involved, and they are embedded within maternal tissues, making this developmental phase difficult to study. Somatic embryogenesis is a more accessible system, and many important regulatory genes appear to function similar to zygotic development, making somatic embryogenesis a valua...

The formation of the zygote in cotton is accompanied by marked changes in the number and aggregation of the ribosomes. The zygote is formed approximately 14 hr after pollination but does not divide for some 56-60 hr. Electron microscope studies of the zygote during this period reveal a series of changes in the size and distribution of polysomes which may provide information on this important st...