Background:Metabolic flexibility is the capacity of a system to adjust fuel (primarily glucose and fatty acids) oxidation based on nutrient availability. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 (PDK4) is one of the main enzymes that play a critical role in metabolic flexibility. In current study, we examined PDK4 inhibition along with exercise training (ET) on the gene expression of Es...

This study examines the relationship between a critical learning outcome of behavioral fluency and endurance, by comparing the effects of two practice procedures on multiplication facts two through nine. The first procedure, called whole time practice trial, consisted of an uninterrupted 1 minute practice time. The second procedure, endurance building practice trials, had three 20 second practi...

BACKGROUND Respiratory muscle endurance training (hyperpnea training) has been shown to have beneficial effects in patients with COPD. STUDY OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine whether hyperpnea training, when added to an endurance exercise training program, would lead to additional benefits compared with endurance training alone in patients with COPD. SETTING AND PARTICIP...

BACKGROUND The five-kilometer time trial (TT5km) has been used to assess aerobic endurance performance without further investigation of its validity. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to perform a preliminary validation of the TT5km to rank well-trained cyclists based on aerobic endurance fitness and assess changes of the aerobic endurance performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS After the incremental ...

PURPOSE Fifteen elite male handball players were studied to examine the effects of an entire season of play on physical fitness and throwing velocity. METHODS One repetition maximal bench press (1RMBP), jumping explosive strength, power-load relationship of the leg and arm extensor muscles, 5- and 15-m sprint running time, endurance running, and handball throwing velocity (standing and three-...

Background. The accumulation of excess triglyceride in the liver and a decrease in brown adipose tissue is related to the fatty liver disease. Regular physical activity can take part in regulating fat oxidation and inhibiting fat accumulation by creating and releasing some myokines. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of each training method in this regard is still not certain. Objective(s). This ...

Back extensor muscle fatigability and its relationship to body mass index (BMI) was measured in 12 chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) patients (7 women and 5 men) and 12 healthy age-and gender-matched controls. Subjects performed Sørensen back isometric endurance test until exhaustion while EMG spectral mean power frequency (MPF) over the lumbar erector spinae muscle and endurance time w...

The loss of complexity in physiological systems may be a dynamical biomarker of aging and disease. In this study the effects of combined strength and endurance training compared with those of endurance training or strength training alone on heart rate (HR) complexity and traditional HR variability indices were examined in middle-aged women. 90 previously untrained female volunteers between the ...