In this seminar, a ultra-low-power (ULP) frequency synthesizer design for a battery-less IoT transceiver is explained. Firstly, a theoretical basics of LC VCO (Voltage-Controlled Oscillator) is discussed especially about the trade-off between phase noise and power consumption, which can be indicated by FoM. The limit of FoM is determined by VCO topology and LC-tank quality factor. Variants of V...