telencephalon at E9.5–10.5 and cortical ventricular zone later than E12.5. Otx, Tcf, Smad and two sites for unknown transcriptional factors are essential to all these activities. The enhancer is well conserved among tetrapods. The mutant that lacks this enhancer demonstrated that the Emx2 expression under this enhancer is indeed essential to diencephalon, telencephalon and cortical development....

The liganded Ah receptor activates transcription by binding to a specific DNA-recognition motif within a dioxin-responsive enhancer upstream of the CYP1A1 gene. Analyses of mutant enhancers by gel retardation reveal that each base pair within the domain 5'CGTG(GCAC)3' is essential to the receptor-enhancer interaction. The three base pairs immediately flanking each end of the essential domain co...

telencephalon at E9.5–10.5 and cortical ventricular zone later than E12.5. Otx, Tcf, Smad and two sites for unknown transcriptional factors are essential to all these activities. The enhancer is well conserved among tetrapods. The mutant that lacks this enhancer demonstrated that the Emx2 expression under this enhancer is indeed essential to diencephalon, telencephalon and cortical development....

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have gained widespread interest in the past decade owing to their enormous amount and surprising functions implicated in a variety of biological processes. Some lncRNAs exert function as enhancers, i.e., activating gene transcription by serving as the cis-regulatory molecules. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that many enhancer elements can be transcr...

Introduction: Leukemia is considered one of the main causes of death, and current chemotherapeutic agents are unable to provide optimal responses due to chemo-resistance. Therefore, there is a constant need for new drugs. Cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-2) inhibitors can be helpful by reducing the necessary dose of routine chemotherapeutic drugs. Herein, we evaluated the cytotoxicity activity as well...

The short gastrulation (sog) shadow enhancer directs early and late sog expression in the neurogenic ectoderm and the ventral midline of the developing Drosophila embryo, respectively. Here, evidence is presented that the sog primary enhancer also has both activities, with the late enhancer activity dependent on the early activity. Computational analyses showed that the sog primary enhancer con...

telencephalon at E9.5–10.5 and cortical ventricular zone later than E12.5. Otx, Tcf, Smad and two sites for unknown transcriptional factors are essential to all these activities. The enhancer is well conserved among tetrapods. The mutant that lacks this enhancer demonstrated that the Emx2 expression under this enhancer is indeed essential to diencephalon, telencephalon and cortical development....

We have carried out a mutational analysis of the mouse IgH enhancer. Consistent with previous reports, deletions extending from either the 5' side or the 3' side of the enhancer fail to reveal distinct boundaries which define enhancer function in lymphoid cells. Interestingly, internal point mutations and deletions within the "enhancer core" regions fail to identify any necessary functional rol...

Lentiviral vectors almost universally use heterologous internal promoters to express transgenes. One of the most commonly used promoter fragments is a 1.2-kb sequence from the human ubiquitin C (UBC) gene, encompassing the promoter, some enhancers, first exon, first intron and a small part of the second exon of UBC. Because splicing can occur after transcription of the vector genome during vect...