The efficacy of vaccines against leptospiral disease can be determined objectively by challenge test in experimental animals. Selection of suitable leptospiral challenge strains and determination of an optimal challenge dose to prove exactly that the given vaccine Leptospira serotype induces protective immunity in vaccinated dogs is a critical point in performing challenge experiments. The aim ...

The dissolution profile for solid pharmaceutical forms containing chloramphenicol 250 mg available in Brazil was determined using a method from the American Pharmacopoeia (United States Pharmacopoeia, 2004) and then compared. Two different methods of dissolution profile comparison were used: ANOVA, and an independent model. Differences between the formulations were reflected in the dissolution ...

Sterility testing as described in the pharmacopoeia compendia requires a 14-day incubation period to obtain an analytical result. Alternative methods that could be applied to evaluating product sterility are especially interesting due to the possibility of reducing this incubation period and thus the associated costs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the performance of the BacT/ALERT(R) ...

In the context of veterinary biologicals, environmental risk assessment means the evaluation of the risk to human health and the environment (which includes plants and animals) connected with the release of such products. The following categories or types of veterinary biologicals can be distinguished: non-genetically modified organisms (non-GMOs) (inactivated/live) GMOs (inactivated/live) carr...

In the European Union (EU) herbal medicinal products have become increasingly important. This is, for instance, underlined by the recent introduction of a simplified procedure in the Member States of the EU allowing the registration of herbal medicinal products which fulfill the criteria of a traditional herbal medicinal product, i.e., sufficient evidence of its medicinal use throughout a perio...

PURPOSE Bear bile has been used in Asia for over 3,000 years to treat visual disorders, yet its therapeutic potential remains unexplored in Western vision research. The purpose of this study was to test whether treatment of mice undergoing retinal degeneration with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a primary constituent of bear bile, alters the course of degeneration. METHODS Two retinal deg...

Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) consists of two protein chains connected by a disulfide linkage: The heavy chain mediates the toxin binding and uptake by neurons, whereas the light chain cleaves synaptobrevin and thus blocks neurotransmitter release.Chemically inactivated TeNT (tetanus toxoid) is utilized for the production of tetanus vaccines. For safety reasons, each toxoid bulk has to be tested fo...

The European Pharmacopoeia describes a liquid chromatography (LC) method for the quantification of sulindac, using a quaternary mobile phase including chloroform and with a rather long run time. In the present study, a new method using a short sub-2 μm column, which can be used on a classical HPLC system, was developed. The new LC conditions (without chloroform) were optimised by means of a new...

Objectives of vaccination always place priority on the protection of human beings from rabies by vaccinating either the vector species (the fox in most countries), the relay species (domestic animals)or human beings themsel­ ves. Other objectives of vaccination are to reduce economic loss or to avoid creating a secondary cycle of rabies among domestic animals. Vaccines containing live virus (Fl...