objectives: the objective behind this study was investigating the relationships between family functioning and psychological hardiness in parents of exceptional children versus parents of normal children. methods: the study was causal-comparative. population included all parents of normal and exceptional students in bojnurd city studying in ordinary and exceptional schools in the academic year ...

the endocarp of celtis australis l. with hyrcanian forests of northern iran and arid mountains of northern africa ecotypes were studied considering macro and micro morphologic characteristics, using binocular and scanning electron microscope. the aim of this research was to evaluate the endocarp diversity in different ecological conditions. the results showed that celtis australis l. is bigger,...

Diophantine criteria occur naturally in the theory of partial differential equations through the notorious problem of small denominators. An extensive treatment of such problems in the theory of PDEs can be found, e.g., in [6]. In this paper, we are interested in a Diophantine problem related to an inhomogeneous wave equation in n spatial and one temporal dimension with periodic boundary condit...

Ecological conditions are expected to have an important influence on individuals' investment in cooperative care. However, the nature of their effects is unclear: both favorable and unfavorable conditions have been found to promote helping behavior. Recent studies provide a possible explanation for these conflicting results by suggesting that increased ecological variability, rather than change...

Many physical diseases have been reported to be associated with psychosocial factors. In these diseases, assessment relies mainly on subjective symptoms in natural settings. Therefore, it is important to assess symptoms and/or relationships between psychosocial factors and symptoms in natural settings. Symptoms are usually assessed by self-report when patients visit their doctors. However, self...

Ecological momentary assessment and/or experience sampling methods are increasingly used in health studies to study subjective experiences within changing environmental contexts. In these studies, up to 30 or 40 observations are often obtained for each subject. Because there are so many measurements per subject, one can characterize a subject's mean and variance and can specify models for both....

Ecological bias is sometimes attributed to confounding by the group variable (ie the variable used to define the ecological groups), or to risk factors associated with the group variable. We show that the group variable need not be a confounder (in the strict epidemiological sense) for ecological bias to occur: effect modification can lead to profound ecological bias, whether or not the group v...

most seeds of medicinal plants due to ecological adaptation to environmental conditions have several types of dormancy. hence, it's necessary to recognize ecological factors that affect dormancy and provide optimum conditions for germination in medicinal plant species. thirty seed lots were used to estimate germination and dormancy of medicinal plants. treatments were kno3, (2%) and scarificati...