The development of our team for RoboCup ’99 is mainly oriented towards a transparent way of transferring explicit knowledge into the agent control and its combination with learning algorithms capable of fine-tuning the acquired skills. The explicit knowledge is formulated in terms of rules, the non-explicit knowledge is to be realized as a set of parameters adapted by hierarchical reinforcement...

The development of our team for RoboCup '99 is mainly oriented towards a transparent way of transferring explicit knowledge into the agent control and its combination with learning algorithms capable of ne-tuning the acquired skills. The explicit knowledge is formulated in terms of rules, the non-explicit knowledge is to be realized as a set of parameters adapted by hierarchical reinforcement l...

Grammar is now rehabilitated in language teaching and learning after years of debate and research on how best to teach grammar has produced a variety of options for the teachers to follow in their classrooms. The present study reports 30 Bangladeshi university EFL teachers’ attitudes towards grammar and its teaching and learning relating to those options. An analysis of their responses indicate...

This paper presents results from two experiments which used computer-based grammar and teacher-driven grammar (chalk and talk) instructional methods. Each method involves teaching verb tenses using two deductive approaches (a) the initial rule-oriented approach (involves initial presentation of explicit rules followed by illustrative examples) and (b) the structure-guessing approach (involves e...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of teaching communication strategies on students’ self-efficacy in speaking in content-based courses in Iranian EFL context. To this end, 30 students in two content-based classes, one as the experimental group and another as the control group, in SAMA private junior high school school in Tabriz, participated in this study. Communication st...