In this paper we study External A*, a variant of the conventional (internal) A* algorithm that makes use of external memory, e.g., a hard disk. The approach applies to implicit, undirected, unweighted state space problem graphs with consistent estimates. It combines all three aspects of best-first search, frontier search and delayed duplicate detection and can still operate on very small intern...

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External uniqueness is a novel form of unique pointers that fit more natural with object-oriented programming. External uniqueness enforces the structural property that a unique pointer is a dominating node to the aggregate it references—there may be no other pointer from outside the aggregate to objects in it in the rest of the system. This paper completes previous work by the authors (Clarke ...

external root resorption of permanent teeth is a multifactorial process. several etiologic and predisposing factors have been related to external root resorption. idiopathic external root resorption is defined as cases of external root resorption without a distinct etiologic factor. this article presents an extensive idiopathic external root resorption of maxillary first molar with irreversible...

External cephalic version (ECV) is the manipulation of the fetus, through the maternal abdomen, to a cephalic presentation. This guideline summarises the evidence regarding the routine use of ECV for breech presentation. The rationale behind ECV is to reduce the incidence of breech presentation at term and therefore the associated risks, particularly of avoidable caesarean section. The evidence...

We applied the external noise plus attention paradigm to study attention mechanisms involved in concurrent first-order and second-order motion perception at two spatial locations. Cued to attend to one of the locations, the observer was instructed to independently judge direction of motion of either first-order (Experiment 1) or second-order (Experiment 2) motion stimuli at both locations in ev...

Pin site infections are a common complication of external fixation that places a significant burden on the patient and healthcare system. Such infections increase the number of clinic visits required during a patient's course of treatment, can result in the need for additional treatment including antibiotics and surgery, and most importantly can compromise patient outcomes should osteomyelitis ...

A 34-year-old man presented with tinnitus and conductive hearing loss. CT demonstrated an expansile, air-containing cavity contiguous with mastoid air cells, narrowing the external auditory canal. This is a case of symptomatic pneumocele resulting in an air collection beneath external canal lining, possibly related to an abnormality in mastoid fusion.