We propose two expressive and complementary techniques for the verification of safety properties of infinite-state BIP models. Both our techniques deal with the full BIP specification, while the existing approaches impose considerable restrictions: they either verify finite-state systems or they do not handle the transfer of data on the interactions and priorities. Firstly, we propose an instan...

Nuclear fusion is an essential process in the sexual reproduction of animals and plants. In flowering plants, nuclear fusion occurs three times: once during female gametogenesis, when the two polar nuclei fuse to produce the diploid central cell nucleus, and twice during double fertilization. The yeast Ig binding protein (BiP) is a molecular chaperone Hsp70 in the endoplasmic reticulum that reg...

The ER luminal binding protein, BiP, has been linked to prolamine protein body formation in rice. To obtain further information on the possible role of this chaperone in protein body formation we have cloned and sequenced a BiP cDNA homolog from rice endosperm. The rice sequence is very similar to the maize BiP exhibiting 92% nucleotide identity and 96% deduced amino acid sequence identity in t...

Immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP) associates transiently with various proteins destined for the secretory pathway. To investigate the relationship between BiP and the 78K (K = 10(3) Mr) glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), we have determined a partial amino acid sequence of purified mouse BiP and isolated and sequenced a full-length cDNA clone encoding mouse GRP78. The 26 amino-ter...

The ER-resident molecular chaperone BiP (binding protein) was overexpressed in soybean. When plants growing in soil were exposed to drought (by reducing or completely withholding watering) the wild-type lines showed a large decrease in leaf water potential and leaf wilting, but the leaves in the transgenic lines did not wilt and exhibited only a small decrease in water potential. During exposur...

Verification techniques have become popular in software and hardware development. They increase confidence and potentially provide rich feedback. However, with increasing complexity verification techniques are more likely to contain errors themselves. Many verification tools use invariants of the considered systems for their analysis. These invariants are often generated by the verification too...

The immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains (H2L2). Transport of this heteromeric complex is dependent on the correct assembly of the component parts, which is controlled, in part, by the association of incompletely assembled Ig heavy chains with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, BiP. Although other heavy chain-constant domai...

BACKGROUND Patients with nonischemic left ventricular cardiomyopathy (LVCM) and ventricular tachycardia (Vt) have complex 3-dimensional substrate with variable involvement of the endocardium (ENDO) and epicardium (EPI). The purpose of this study was to determine whether ENDO unipolar (UNI) mapping with a larger electric field of view could identify EPI low bipolar (BIP) voltage regions in patie...

Reaction of 2,6-difluoropyridine with 2 equiv of indazole and NaH at room temperature affords a mixture of 2,6-bis(indazol-1-yl)pyridine (1-bip), 2-(indazol-1-yl)-6-(indazol-2-yl)pyridine (1,2-bip), and 2,6-bis(indazol-2-yl)pyridine (2-bip), which can be separated by solvent extraction. A two-step procedure using the same conditions also affords both 2-(indazol-1-yl)-6-(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (1...