The management of traumatic and degenerative cartilage lesions is a known challenge given the limited vascularity and lack of pluripotent cells that contribute to the tissue’s inherently poor regenerative capacity. Many surgical techniques have been described in an effort to palliate symptoms, promote substitute tissue growth, and/or restore normal hyaline cartilage. Surgical failure of these t...

We report two cases of adjacent segment degeneration in patients with idiopathic scoliosis who underwent surgical treatment with Harrington instrumentation in young age. Both patients developed a symptomatic degeneration of the disk immediately under the last stabilized level and were treated with decompression and stabilization. Clinical and radiological results are satisfactory at the follow-up.

Low back pain shows signifi cant response to stimulation A 2004 systematic review of SCS for all indications included 51 studies and 2973 patients. Sixteen of the studies, with a total of 616 patients, focused on low back pain, specifi cally chronic back pain and failed back surgery syndrome. Two of the 16 studies were prospective controlled trials, 8 were prospective trials without controls, a...

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is a term used to define an unsatisfactory outcome of a patient who underwent spinal surgery, irrespective of type or intervention area, with persistent pain in the lumbosacral region with or without it radiating to the leg. The possible reasons and risk factors that would lead to FBSS can be found in distinct phases: in problems already present in the patien...

While all but one Gamma–Ray Bursts observed in the X–ray band showed an X–ray afterglow, about 60 per cent of them have not been detected in the optical band. We show that this is not due to adverse observing conditions. We then investigate the hypothesis that the failure of detecting the optical afterglow is due to absorption at the source location. We find that this is a marginally viable int...

Epidural fibrosis is a contributing factor to the persistent pain that is associated with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) and other pathophysiologies, particularly as it inhibits the passage of regional medications to areas responsible for pain. Therefore, effective mechanical detachment of epidural fibrosis can contribute to pain reduction and improve function in FBSS patients. In this rep...

Background: The number of failed courses and semesters in students are indicatorsof their performance. These amounts have zero inflated (ZI) distributions. Using ZI Poisson and negative binomial distributions we can model these count data to find the associated factors and estimate the parameters. This study aims at to investigate the important factors related to the educational performance of ...