to promote their exports and get access to world market, many countries have adopted the policy of exports subsidies. subsidies are usually provided by governments or state bodies which cause adverse effects to the interests of another member of countries or disturb the process of free trade worldwide. world trade organization (wto) which is established on free and fair trade, has put limitatio...

The growth of ethical consumerism in developed countries has led to increased imports of environmentally and socially certified products produced by the poor in developing countries, which could potentially contribute towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Among these, organic products and fair-trade products are among the rapidly growing “ethical trade” products. T...

Consumers have shown a willingness to pay a premium for products labeled as “Fair Trade,” and to prefer retailers that are seen as more generous to their suppliers/employees. A fair trade product is essentially a bundle of a base product and a donation to the supplier (e.g., a coffee farmer). An altruistic rational consumer will only choose this bundle if doing so is less expensive than buying ...

We introduce our framework for logic-based compositional e-commerce interaction. We aim to provide opensource software which adds a light-weight formal messaging layer to business communications, to increase the accessibility of e-commerce infrastructure to smaller business players. In the process we hope to develop a comprehensive theory of business communication. We present the logical struct...

Yearly sales of “fair trade” products exceeds $2.3 billion worldwide. Consumers who are altruistic and rational will choose these product-donation bundles when the bundle is cheaper than its elements. Assume a supplier’s investment reduces retailers’ costs (or improves quality), but this investment is non-verifiable, hence sub-optimal even with infinitely-repeated interaction. A retailer paying...

This paper implements a fair wage constraint in the fashion of Akerlof and Yellen (1990) into an analytically tractable core-periphery agglomeration model. This enables us to study the role of imperfect labour markets for the pattern of agglomeration. We illustrate that, in the short run, a marginal increase in fair wage preferences leads to an unambiguous compression of the national factor pri...