Fourier-domain holography (FDH) is investigated as a candidate for holographic optical coherence imaging to produce real-time images of structure inside living tissue and turbid media. The effects of spatial filtering, the background intensity distributions, and the role of background noise in determining dynamic range are evaluated for both FDH and image-domain holography (IDH). The grating wa...

There are several distance function definitions in a general production framework, including Data Envelopment Analysis, which can be used to describe the production technology and to define corresponding measures of technical efficiency notably the Shephard and the directional distance functions . This paper introduces a generalisation of the distance function concept based on the idea of minim...

A modified generalised directional distance function data envelopment analysis model is introduced into the smoothed bootstrap context. The new handles asymmetrically desirable and undesirable outputs deals with positive negative values, while bias-corrected estimators are independent of length direction vector. reason for development this efficiency assessment estimation degree operating gains...

The modification of the Clarke generalized subdiNerentia1 due to Michel and Penot is a useful tool in determining differentiability properties for certain classes of real functions on a normed linear space. The Glteaux differentiability of any real function can be deduced from the GBteaux differentiability of the norm if the function has a directional derivative which attains a constant related...

Escherichia coli growing under anaerobic conditions produce H(2) and CO(2) by the enzymatic cleavage of formate that is produced from pyruvate at the end of glycolysis. Selenium is an integral part of formate dehydrogenase H (FDH H), which catalyses the first step in the formate hydrogen lyase (FHL) system. The genes of FHL system are transcribed only under anaerobic conditions, in the presence...