Intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is widely used throughout the developed and developing world. This practice is based on the understanding that fetal heart rate (FHR) is sensitive to hypoxia. During labour, the fetus may be exposed to acute hypoxia during uterine contractions or intrapartum insults, and has well-established cardiovascular compensatory defence mechanisms, which idea...

It is currently taught that early decelerations, or type l Dip, are related to the compression of the fetal head in the birth canal, late decelerations, or type 2 Dip, to placental insufficiency and variable decelerations to cord compression. All these patterns are elicited by, and by definition related to, the uterine contractions. With the increasing use of electronic fetal heart rate monitor...

Fetal monitoring performed by the cardiotocography (CTG) was effective by continuous visual monitoring of obstetric staffs, which was subjective and troublesome, developing inter-observer differences. Maeda created objective FHR score which was objective and possible to be computerized for further improvement. Maeda developed the first mini computerized automated FHR analysis with objective pat...

A retrospective survey was performed of the clinical records and cardiotocograms (CTG) of fetuses born in 1978 and 1979 at Helsinki University Central Hospital with hemoglobin concentration less than 170 g/liter in peripheral blood or umbilical artery. Eighty-three fetuses (0.7%) had thus defined anemia. Thirty-eight of them had late decelerations, 29 silent and nine sinusoidal fetal heart rate...