Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) which involves alteration of the female genitalia for non-medical grounds is prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa, associated with long-term genitourinary complications, and possible HIV transmission. This mini-review aims to examine FGM and the possibility of HIV transmission through this procedure. We performed an electronic search using Medline for articles publish...

BACKGROUND Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a common traditional practice in developing nations including Ethiopia. It poses complex and serious long-term health risks for women and girls and can lead to death. In Ethiopia, the geographic distribution and factors associated with FGM practices are poorly understood. Therefore, we assessed the spatial distribution and factors associated with FG...

This article discusses the results of a literature review that has assessed the impact of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) legislation in 28 countries (27 in Africa and Yemen) where FGM is concentrated. Evidence on the impact of FGM legislation was available on prevalence of FGM; changes in societal attitudes and perceptions of FGM; knowledge and awareness of FGM legislation and consequences, an...

Abstract Ultrasonic additive manufacturing has been used to fabricate laminated composites of commercially pure aluminum and a nanocrystalline nickel–cobalt (nc-NiCo) alloy. The nc-NiCo alloy would not weld itself but readily welded aluminum. Thus, by alternating between foils Al, we achieved multi-material laminates with strong interlayer bonding. Electron microscopy showed that the nanoscale ...