“human dignity” is mentioned in both the instruments of international human rights and the national constitutions of countries, and is often recognized either as a justification of “rights” or as one of the constitutional rights. this issue has a special place in the constitution of iran as well. consistent with the international and national human rights instruments, in different legal systems...

commercial companies are principally governed by majority rule. notwithstanding, mere application of this decision-making rule does not prevent conflict of interests between shareholders. such a conflict can be observed in three distinct hypotheses: 1- abuse committed by majority shareholders; 2- abuse committed by minority shareholders; 3- abuse committed by holders of equal shares. regardless...

-The intrusion is becoming more essential for effective defense against attacks that are constantly changing in magnitude and complexity. Mainly intrusion detection relies on the extensive knowledge of security experts. The paper proposed a new detection mechanism as Fuzzy Intrusion Detection Engine (FIDE) that uses fuzzy logic to access network data. FIDE uses fuzzy analyzer engine to evaluate...

the legislator needs to legal entity to management of financial crisis of bankrupts in order toyour goals. the legal entity that plays an important role in management of financial crisis of bankrupts is “discharge”.the definition of discharge is that the bankrupt discharge from payment of debts after the bankruptcy proceeding. the goal of discharge is “fresh start” of bankrupt. the positive eff...

“pacta sunt servanda” is one of the most fundamental principles in the common law and iranian legal systems, which have been exposed to exceptions in the process of time. these exceptions are part of general doctrine of frustration. iranians exceptions to this rule are named as “ta`azzor” and “ta`assor” rules. doctrine of frustration in common law includes three subdivision theories: “impossibi...

The objective of this article is to discuss the Islamic legal mechanism which will provide an opportunity to e-consumers who have suffered losses in online transactions to revoke contracts or collect arsh (compensation). Khiyar al-Tadlis (option of deceit or misrepresentation) is an Islamic legal feature that is not found in any other legal system, as it originates from the Islamic law of contr...

With the development of information technology, electronic data exchange to some extent takes the place of the traditional transaction based on paper contract, which challenged the legal system and the information security system while facilitating the transaction. This paper studied the typical procedures of signing e-commerce contract, found that there are some problems on legal and operation...

This paper reports on the basis of a questionnaire survey of the largest Iranian contractors a perspective of construction risk, and the effective actions taken for the management of such risks, particularly those of time and finances. The study, the first inIran, focuses on the assessment, allocation and management of construction risks. The paper also presents two types of riskmanagement meth...