Small photon field used in the intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and stereotactic radio surgery (SRS). It is difficult to measure beam profile and output factor because of electron disequilibrium, partial shutting of source because of this challenges, we need the good detector. This article is collection of 5 or more article and summary of the results of EBT3 that compared with EBT2 film ...

Three dimensional radiation dosimetry has received growing interest with the implementation of highly conformal radiotherapy treatments. The radiotherapy community faces new challenges with the commissioning of image guided and image gated radiotherapy treatments (IGRT) and deformable image registration software.A new three dimensional anthropomorphically shaped flexible dosimeter, further call...

A true bronchial dosimeter has been designed, consisting of four 400-mesh wire screens and a filter paper. With a face velocity of 3.3 cm s(-1) for home exposure and 4.6 cm s(-1) for mine exposure, the deposition pattern on the wire screens were found to satisfactorily match the variation of the dose conversion factor (in units of mSv WL M(-1)) with the size of radon progeny from 1 to 1000 nm. ...

96 Since its development, the Early Warning dosimeter for Organic materials (EWO dosimeter) has been used as both a research and general measurement tool for the evaluation of indoor air quality for preservation of cultural heritage artefacts. The EWO dosimeter measures the integrated degradation impact of the environment, comparable to that observed on organic materials due to the synergistic ...

Some of the lowest voltages used in radiotherapy are termed Grenz and superficial X-rays of ~ 20 and ~ 100 kVp, respectively. Dosimetrically, the surface doses from these beams are calculated with the use of a free in-air air kerma measurement combined with a backscatter factor and the appropriate ratio of mass energy absorption coefficients from the measurement material to water. Alternative t...

PURPOSE Despite numerous advantages of radiochromic film dosimeter (high spatial resolution, near tissue equivalence, low energy dependence) to measure a relative dose distribution with film, one needs to first measure an absolute dose (following previously established reference dosimetry protocol) and then convert measured absolute dose values into relative doses. In this work, we present resu...

Organic semiconductors are excellent candidates for X-ray detectors that can adapt to new applications, with unique properties including mechanical flexibility and the ability cover large surfaces. Their chemical composition, primarily carbon hydrogen, makes them human tissue equivalent in terms of radiation absorption. This is a highly desirable property dosimeter be employed medical diagnosti...