Mechanical bending is ubiquitous in heteroepitaxial growth of thin films where the strained growing film applies effectively an “external” stress to bend the substrate. Conventionally, when the deposited film is much thinner than the substrate, the bending increases linearly with increasing film thickness following the classical Stoney formula. Here we analyze the bending of ultrathin nanometer...

CdTe film was deposited using the electrophoretic deposition technique onto an ITO glass at various bath temperatures. Four batch film compositions were used by mixing 1 to 4 wt% concentration of CdTe powder with 10 mL of a solution of methanol and toluene. X-ray Diffraction analysis showed that the films exhibited polycrystalline nature of zinc-blende structure with the (111) orientation as th...

The structure and morphology of ultrathin lattice matched CaF2 films of very few monolayers thickness, which were deposited on Si 111 substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy, have been studied in situ by synchrotron based grazing incidence x-ray diffraction. Even for the thinnest investigated film of three monolayers thickness, the in-plane structure of the CaF2 film is determined by a lateral sep...

Abstract A comprehensive description is obtained of the two-dimensional steady gravity-driven flow with prescribed volume flux of a thin film of Newtonian fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity on a stationary horizontal cylinder. When the cylinder is uniformly hotter than the surrounding atmosphere (positive thermoviscosity) the effect of increasing the heat transfer to the surrounding atm...

We have studied the effect of misfit strain on the microstructure and properties of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate thin films. We have changed the misfit strain by varying the film thickness and studied the thickness effect on the domain formation of epitaxial PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 ~PZT! films grown by pulsed laser deposition on ~001! LaAlO3 substrates with La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 ~LSCO! electrodes. The...

objective: radiochromic ebt3 film is a later generation of radiochromic films. the aim of this study is to compare ebt and ebt3 radiochromic films in radiotherapy fields of breast cancer. methods: a rando phantom was irradiated by a 6 mv siemens primus linac with medial and lateral fields of radiotherapy of breast cancer. dosimetry was performed in various points in the fields using ebt and ebt...

The surface morphology and microstructure of laser-ablated Pb~Zr0.52Ti0.48!O3 ~PZT! films on a ~100! SrTiO3 ~STO! substrate at early growth stage are characterized by means of atomic-force microscope, x-ray diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. The ~100! STO surface is found to be very favorable for epitaxial growth of ~001! PZT films, which undergo a three...

We apply the classical over-the-barrier (COB) model to charge transfer between highly charged ions (HCIs) and targets consisting of thin dielectric films on metals. Distances for the onset of classically allowed above-surface electron capture are obtained as a function of HCI charge state, film thickness, film permittivity, and film-metal electron binding energies. The model describes the cross...

Experiments are performed to provide an insight into the heat transfer aspects of a wavy liquid film. Local film thickness and liquid temperature are measured simultaneously using a thermal conductance thickness probe and fast response thermocouples as the wavy film falls over an electrically heated wall. Liquid temperature at a fixed distance from the wall generally increases in the thin subst...