This paper presents a universal framework for pricing financial and insurance risks. Examples are given for pricing contingent payoffs, where the underlying asset or liability can be either traded or not traded. The paper also outlines an application of the framework to prescribe capital allocations within insurance companies, and to determine fair value for insurance liabilities.

In this paper, we consider two types of pricing option in financial markets using quasi Monte Carlo algorithm with variance reduction procedures. We evaluate Asian-style and European-style options pricing based on Black-Scholes model. Finally, some numerical results presented.

We analyze the problem of pricing and hedging contingent claims in a financial market described by a multi-period, discrete-time, finite-state scenario tree using an arbitrage-adjusted Sharpe-ratio criterion. We show that the writer’s and buyer’s pricing problems are formulated as conic convex optimization problems which allow to pass to dual problems over martingale measures and yield tighter ...

In this paper we will state the fundamental principles of the gauge approach to financial economics and demonstrate the ways of its application. In particular, modeling of real pricing processes will be considered for an example of S&P500 market index. Derivative pricing and portfolio theory are also briefly discussed.

This paper provides a unified approach for pricing contingent claims on multiple term structures using a foreign currency analogy. All existing option pricing applications are seen to be special cases of this unified approach. This approach is used to price options on financial securities subject to credit risk.

In this review paper we summarise several nonparametric methods recently applied to the pricing of financial options. After a short introduction to martingale-based option pricing theory, we focus on two possible fields of application for nonparametric methods: the estimation of risk-neutral probabilities and the estimation of the dynamics of the underlying instruments in order to construct an ...

Beta, as measured by the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), is widely used for pricing stocks, determining the cost of capital, and gauging the extent to which markets are integrated. The CAPM model assumes that equilibrium conditions prevail. The choice of which market portfolio to use in the regression – the home country or global index – depends on the level of global market integration. We...

The hedging of contingent claims in the discrete time, discrete state case is analyzed from the perspective of modeling the hedging problem as a stochastic program. Application of conjugate duality leads to the arbitrage pricing theorems of financial mathematics, namely the equivalence of absence of arbitrage and the existence of a probability measure that makes the price process into a marting...

We consider the modelling of credit migration risk and the pricing of migration derivatives. To construct a Point-in-Time (PIT) rating migration matrix as the underlying value for derivative pricing we show first that the Affine Markov Chain models is not sufficient to generate PIT migration matrices in both, an economic boom and contraction. We show that the introduction of rating direction an...

Financial derivatives written on an underlying can normally be priced and hedged accurately only after a suitable mathematical model for the underlying has been determined. This chapter explains the difficulties in finding a (unique) realistic model — model uncertainty. If the wrong model is chosen for pricing and hedging, unexpected and unwelcome financial consequences may occur. By wrong mode...