A flat membrane with given shape is displayed; two points in the membrane are randomly selected; the probability that the separation between the points have a specific value is sought. A simple method to evaluate the probability density is developed, and is easily extended to spaces with more dimensions.

The key to membrane theory is to enlarge the diffeomorphism group until 4D gravity becomes almost topological. Just one ghost survives and its central charges can cancel against matter. A simple bosonic membrane emerges, but its flat D = 28 target space is unstable. Adding supersym-metry ought to give calculable (2,2) membranes in 12 target dimensions, but (2,1) membranes won't work.

The key to membrane theory is to enlarge the diffeomorphism group until 4D gravity becomes almost topological. Just one ghost survives and its central charges can cancel against matter. A simple bosonic membrane emerges, but its flat D = 28 target space is unstable. Adding supersym-metry ought to give calculable (2,2) membranes in 12 target dimensions, but (2,1) membranes won't work.

A flat membrane with given shape is displayed; two points in the membrane are randomly selected; the probability that the separation between the points have a specific value is sought. A simple method to evaluate the probability density is developed, and is easily extended to spaces with more dimensions.

In this work we present a proof of the discretness of the spectrum for bosonic membrane, in a flat minkowski space. This may be useful to show the quantum mechanical consistence of others bosonics extended models. This proof includes the BRST residual symmetry and was directly performed over the discretized membrane model. The BRST residual invariant effective action is explicity contructed.

In this work, a hypothesis is presented that could explain the non-homogeneous lateral distribution of membrane components in Golgi vesicles. It is shown that the non-homogeneous lateral distribution of membrane components and the specific flattened shape of Golgi vesicles are strongly coupled. In agreement with experimental evidence, it is indicated that some of the membrane components may be ...

A lab-scale SBR equipped with a flat sheet membrane in submerged configuration that is named MSBR was used for the treatment of composting leachate. It was fed by biologically treated leachate with overall 70-1360 mg/L Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The values of pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were monitored r...

The formation of HER2 homodimers plays an important role in breast cancer aggressiveness and progression; however, little is known about its localization. We have studied the intra- and intercellular variation of HER2 at the single-molecule level in intact SKBR3 breast cancer cells. Whole cells were visualized in hydrated state with correlative fluorescence microscopy and environmental scanning...

Specific lipid environments are necessary for the establishment of protein signaling platforms in membranes, yet their origin has been highly debated. We present a continuum, exactly solvable model induced local demixing membranes. The coupling between composition and thickness membrane induces domains around inclusions with hydrophobic mismatch, even temperatures above miscibility critical poi...

The influence of an external electric field on a poorly conductive membrane such as a lipid bilayer is studied theoretically. The unbalanced electric stress created by an ionic current across a non-perfectly flat membrane gives rise to a destabilizing surface energy enhancing undulations. The deformation of a membrane attached to a frame is derived and the electrohydrodynamic instability of a f...