Recent phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that axially condensed flower-like structures evolved iteratively in seed plants from either simple or compound strobili. The simple-strobilus model of flower evolution, widely applied to the angiosperm flower, interprets the inflorescence as a compound strobilus. The conifer cone and the gnetalean 'flower' are commonly interpreted as having evolved f...

BACKGROUND The detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitrite ion (NO2-) is of great important in various fields including clinic, food, pharmaceutical and environmental analyses. Compared with many methods that have been developed for the determination of them, the electrochemical detection method has attracted much attention. In recent years, with the development of nanotechnology, many ki...

Plant habit and production of secondary metabolites in chamomile plants depend on endogenous and exogenous factors that can be divided into two groups (FRANZ 1982): a) morpho-ontogenetic variability, b) genetic variability or genetic determinateness. The activity of these factors is reflected in biomass production, flower drug production, content and composition of essential oil and some other ...

Flower-like SnO₂/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method by using SnCl₄·5H₂O and urea as the precursor. The structure and morphology of the as-synthesized samples were characterized by using the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (FESEM and TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) techniques. SnO₂ displays the unique 3D flower-li...

Zinc hydroxide fluoride (Zn(OH)F) with novel flower-like morphology has been prepared via a microwave-assisted ionic liquid route. The flower-like Zn(OH)F particle has six petals and every petal is composed of lots of acicular nano-structure. Nanoporous ZnO is obtained by thermal decomposition of as-prepared Zn(OH)F in air, and the flower-like morphology is well retained. In the process of synt...

– X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments have been carried out on quartz-like α−GaPO4 at high pressure and room temperature. A transition to a high pressure disordered crystalline form occurs at 13.5 GPa. Slight heating using a YAG infrared laser was applied at 17 GPa in order to crystallize the phase in its stability field. The structure of this phase is orthorhombic with space group Cmcm. The ce...

This paper presents the possibilities and properties of Indium tin oxide (ITO)covered quartz crystal as a NOx toxic gas-sensor. The starting sol-gel solution was prepared by mixing indium chloride dissolved in acetylacetone and tin chloride dissolved in ethanol (0-20% by weight). The ITO thin films were deposited on the gold electrodes of quartz crystal by spin-coating technique and subsequentl...

Autonomous navigation systems are important to Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) simulations for generating realistic tactical behaviours for the non-player characters (or bots). In this paper, we describe our work on Quartz, an autonomous navigation system for MOUT simulations. Novel features of Quartz include qualitative spatial representation and hierarchical spatial reasoning ...

A recently developed crystal based continuum model for twinning and phase transformations is successfully applied to Dauphiné twinning and the α (trigonal) ↔ β (hexagonal) phase transformation in quartz. Both finite element and uniform deformation simulations are performed of quartz polycrystals and several experimentally observed phenomena are qualitatively reproduced. Results are given for me...