The paper tests for the backward linkage hypothesis of multinational firms in developing host economies. The empirical case is the Polish food industry expected to be a highly relevant European case as the largest magnet of ‘developing-oriented’ FDI over the last decade. Combining the case study, descriptive and econometric evidence suggests that backward linkage creation has failed in terms of...

Abstract We explore the relationship between internationalisation of production through Global Value Chains and child labour at sector level, using data from 26 low‐ middle‐income countries. find that sectors with stronger participation in foreign markets by exporting inputs to firms will process them export third countries (forward linkages) exhibit less labour. However, other forms gross expo...

Production processes are increasingly organized in international value-chain networks. The involved firms can be operating at arm’s length or vertically integrated. Both the incidence and direction of integration (backward forward value chain) depend on specific characteristics their economic environment. We propose a simple model vertical supplier-producer relationship that is rooted property-...

Spillovers Through Backward Linkages from Multinationals: Measurement Matters! We argue that the measures of backward linkages used in recent papers on spillovers from multinational companies are potentially problematic, as they depend on a number of restrictive assumptions, namely that (i) multinationals use domestically produced inputs in the same proportion as imported inputs, (ii) multinati...

the main goal of this paper is to study the economic study the economic structure of transportation sector in irans economy within the last three decades. comparative, static input-output analysis method has been used with the help of four tables related to 1973, 1986, 1991 and 2000. for this purpose, traditional backward and forward linkages indicator of structural analysis has been used in th...