The standard description of Fermi acceleration, developing in a class of time-dependent billiards, is given in terms of a diffusion process taking place in momentum space. Within this framework, the evolution of the probability density function (PDF) of the magnitude of particle velocities as a function of the number of collisions n is determined by the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE). In the lite...

We present observations of waves at and just above the plasma frequency (fpe) from three high frequency electric field experiments on three recent rockets launched to altitudes of 300–900 km in active aurora. The predominant observed HF waves just above fpe are narrowband, shortlived emissions with amplitudes ranging from <1 mV/m to 20 mV/m, often associated with structured electron density. Th...

We propose a nonlinear lter to estimate the time-varying instantaneous default risk from the term structure of credit default swap (CDS) spreads. Based on the numerical solution of the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) using a meshfree interpolation method, the lter performs a joint estimation of default intensities and CIR model parameters. As the FPE can account for nonlinear functions and nonGaus...

We demonstrate a compact and slitless spectrometer with high resolution formed by cascading a Fabry-Perot etalon (FPE) and a cylindrical beam volume hologram (CBVH). The most significant advantage of this combined spectrometer is that we can independently encode spectral information of a diffuse beam in a 2D plane. Also, we show that in this slitless configuration we can simultaneously benefit ...

On-line machine learning algorithms, many biological spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) learning rules, and stochastic neural dynamics evolve by Markov processes. A complete description of such systems gives the probability densities for the variables. The evolution and equilibrium state of these densities are given by a Chapman-Kolmogorov equation in discrete time, or a master equation i...

Traditionally, focal plane arrays require extensive external focal plane electronics (FPE) to provide clocks and biases as well as to digitize the analog output signals. The FPE has to be well-designed and is typically large, heavy and powerhungry. Most importantly, the FPE has to be placed some distance away from the FPA, which complicates maintaining low noise performance throughout the compl...

We have employed a few-parameter estimation (FPE) technique to derive information on past surface temperature variations from present-day borehole temperatures. Synthetic experiments show that the FPE t•hnique can separate reasonably well information on century-long trends of surface temperature change from borehole temperatures within a .wide range of noise levels. The technique also allows a ...

for all properties whereas tillage practices contributed the most to the variation of infiltrability. Tillage causes soil fragmentation thereby increasing the proportion Quantifying the temporal dynamics of the PSD may of interaggregate (structural) pore space. The resulting tilled layer have important applications, but to do so in a determintends to be structurally unstable as manifested by a ...

Factor price equalization (FPE) is a central theme in trade theory, for which [Dixit, A.K., Norman, V., 1980. Theory of International Trade, Cambridge University Press, London] establish the necessary and sufficient condition (the Dixit–Norman condition). [Deardorff, A.V. 1994. The possibility of factor price equalization: revisited, Journal of International Economics 36, 167–175.] provides a m...

Abstract In this chapter, we share the insights of feminist political ecology (FPE) for degrowth, building from debates on “caring communities radical change” at 8th International Degrowth Conference in August 2021. We discuss how FPE links to principles degrowth as an academic and activist movement why it is necessary take perspectives care caring resisting, questioning, counteracting structur...