There is a natural orthogonal basis of the 6-qubit decoherence-free (DF) space robust against collective noise. Interestingly, most of the basis states can be obtained from one another just permuting qubits. This property: (a) is useful for encoding qubits in DF subspaces, (b) allows the implementation of the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol in DF subspaces just permuting qubits, which com...

Various structural discontinuities, which form a discrete fracture network, play a significant role in the failure conditions and stability of the rock masses around underground excavations. Several continuum numerical methods have been used to study the stability of underground excavations in jointed rock masses but only few of them can take into account the influence of the pre-existing natur...

      Many large oil and gas fields in the most productive world regions happen to be fractured. The exploration and development of these reservoirs is a true challenge for many operators. These difficulties are due to uncertainties in geological fracture properties such as aperture, length, connectivity and intensity distribution. To successfully address these challenges, it is paramount to im...

The purpose of this study was to investigate how water aging of the resin cement influences the stress distribution in all-ceramic crowns and if there is an increase in the propensity for crown failure. The failure of all-ceramic crowns attributed to cement degradation was explored using a combination of experimental and numerical methods. Sectioned all-ceramic crown specimens were fabricated o...

Fracture functions 1 have been introduced to extend the usual QCD improved parton picture of semi-inclusive deep inelastic processes to the low transverse momentum region of phase space, where the target fragmentation contribution becomes important. Trentadue and Veneziano 1 proposed to describe such contribution as a convolution of a new phenomenological distribution, the fracture function, wi...

The disuse-related bone loss that results from immobilisation following injury shares characteristics with osteoporosis in post-menopausal women and the aged, with decreases in bone mineral density leading to weakening of the bone and increased risk of fracture. The aim of this study was to use the finite element method to: (i) calculate the mechanical response of the tibia under mechanical loa...

In the present paper, fracture mechanisms and corresponding stress distributions in aluminium cast alloy locally reinforced by SiC particles and Al2O3 whiskers under monotonic and cyclic load are investigated experimentally and numerically. The material is monotonically and cyclically deformed to failure at room temperature. The fracture origin and the fracture path are investigated on the frac...