Let G = (V,E) be a graph. A subset S ⊆ V is a dominating set of G if every vertex not in S is adjacent to a vertex in S. A set D̃ ⊆ V of a graph G = (V,E) is called an outer-connected dominating set for G if (1) D̃ is a dominating set for G, and (2) G[V \ D̃], the induced subgraph of G by V \ D̃, is connected. The minimum size among all outer-connected dominating sets of G is called the outerconnec...

Abstract In the course of my academic research labour bondage after abolition slavery has been a recurrent theme in writings on colonial past and postcolonial present. context globalizing economy, role capitalism as dominant mode production pivotal importance perpetuation confined relations. This argument does not concur with conventional wisdom that transition to was start an emancipatory tren...

An independent Roman dominating function (IRD-function) on a graph G is f : V ( ) → {0, 1, 2} satisfying the conditions that (i) every vertex u for which = 0 adjacent to at least one v 2, and (ii) set of all vertices assigned non-zero values under independent. The weight an IRD-function sum its over vertices, domination number i R minimum . In this paper, we initiate study bondage b iR having c...

Much of Mathematics, and therefore Physics as well, have been limited by four rather consequential restrictions. Two of them are ancient taboos, one is an ancient and no longer felt as such bondage, and the fourth is a surprising omission in Algebra. The paper brings to the attention of those interested these four restrictions, as well as the fact that each of them has by now ways, even if hard...

Bonded labor, which is characterized by a long-term relationship between employer and employee, is usually solidified through a loan, and is embedded intricately in India’s socio-economic culture—a culture that is a product of class relations, a colonial history, and persistent poverty among many citizens. Also known as debt bondage, bonded labor is a specific form of forced labor in which comp...

Abstract In response to critiques of the ‘slavery versus freedom’ binary and its limitations, researchers at international Bonn Center for Dependency Slavery Studies ( BCDSS — www.dependency.uni-bonn.de ) University tentatively employ analytical concept ‘asymmetrical dependency’ in their investigations coercive social relations, such as slavery, debt bondage, servitude. this paper, we discuss s...

freedom is one of the greatest and highest human values and of necessities of life and evolution that all nations have wanted its realization. the word freedom dates back to human history and it has found criterion and rate through indicators such as truth-seeking, justice and human's existential growth and defines its own limits and is manifested in literature of different nations in vari...