Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology is an important tool in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of breast carcinoma. It has been recommended that cytological grading should be included in the FNA reports to know the tumor aggressiveness and prognostication. Among the many cytological grading systems existing, there is still no agreement on the most reliable system. Aim: The study wa...

BACKGROUND Mutation analysis and cytogenetic testing in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is not yet implemented in a routine diagnostics of ccRCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS We characterized the chromosomal alterations in 83 ccRCC tumors from Polish patients using whole genome SNP genotyping assay. Moreover, the utility of next generation sequencing of cell free DNA (cfDNA) in patients plasm...

BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to examine serotonin, CD56, neurone-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A and synaptophysin by immunohistochemistry in renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) with special emphasis on patient outcome. METHODS We studied 152 patients with primary RCCs who underwent surgery for the removal of kidney tumours between 1990 and 1999. The mean follow-up was 90 months. T...

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) participates in glucose metabolism and it acts as the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Recently, G6PD dysregulation has been found in a variety of human cancers. Through analyzing published data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), our pilot study indicated that G6PD mRNA expression was significantly higher in advanced Fuhrman g...

BACKGROUND Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is currently widely used as an adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy. However, recent studies have shown that GM-CSF can impair anti-tumor immune responses. Thus the role of GM-CSF in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unraveled. Our present study aims to investigate the prognostic significance of intratumoral GM-CSF i...

Objective: To study the expression levels of the NOK (novel oncogene with kinase-domain) gene in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and its association with the progression of this cancer. Methods: In this study, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot analyses were applied to investigate the NOK expression level in RCC and adjacent normal renal tissue samples. MTT, colony formation, and migration ...

BACKGROUND Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), as a member of secreted/gel-forming mucin family, was frequently found to be abnormally expressed in inflammation or malignant diseases. However, the clinic pathologic features and prognostic values of MUC5AC in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have not been reported up to now. METHODS MUC5AC expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on tissue micro...

BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 signaling may play an important role in the progression of pathological angiogenesis that occurs in many tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Therapeutic targeting directed against VEGF and VEGFR-2 has been proven to be successful for metastatic clear cell RCC (CCRCC). How...

Abstract There are numerous words across languages expressing similarity or indistinguishability. In this paper, three types of expressions in German and English compared— ähnlich / similar , so/such gleich same . They differ a number respects, one them being gradability: While ähnlich/similar gradable, as well gleich/same not. The analysis paper starts from the so demonstrative (instead identi...